Berkshire Hathaway

The annual reports for Berkshire Hathaway include Warren Buffet’s letters to shareholders. In addition to discussing the state of the company, these letters contain sage investment advice applicable to all investors, including small investors. Here is an excerpt from this year’s letter.

Over the 35 years, American business has delivered terrific results. It should therefore have been easy for investors to earn juicy returns: All they had to do was piggyback Corporate America in a diversified, low-expense way. An index fund that they never touched would have done the job. Instead many investors have had experiences ranging from mediocre to disastrous.

There have been three primary causes: first, high costs, usually because investors traded excessively or spent far too much on investment management; second, portfolio decisions based on tips and fads rather than on thoughtful, quantified evaluation of businesses; and third, a start-and-stop approach to the market marked by untimely entries (after an advance has been long underway) and exits (after periods of stagnation or decline). Investors should remember that excitement and expenses are their enemies. And if they insist on trying to time their participation in equities, they should try to be fearful when others are greedy and greedy only when others are fearful.

Portfolio Summary Updated

The portfolio summary has been updated.

We now have more in cash to invest. Kudos to those members who are saving and investing regularly. With the recent market down trend, we should continue to purchase new shares. It’s always better to buy stocks when they are on sale.

Here are two proposals.

Proposal 1. Replace Federal Home Loan Management Corp (FNM) with Fifth Third Bank Corp (FITB), a well managed mid-west bank. Most of the literature about FITB has been very positive. See attached SSG and related reports (e.g., Morningstar, S&P and Value Line). We would sell FNM and apply the proceeds to FITB.

Proposal 2. Use the remaining funds to purchase additional shares of four of our existing stocks with the best prospects, considering both quality and projected return. We would add to our holdings of each of the following stocks: PFE, FISV, ACS and BBY. (Note there other strong candidates for reinvestment, including LOW, CBH and AMGN.)

Financial Services Outlook

Here is an interesting article by Tom Brown, CEO of Second Curve Capital, discussing the outlook for 2005 for the financial services industry. The article notes that retail branch growth can’t go on indefinitely. The report is positive about Capital One (COF), Investors Financial Services (IFIN), Commerce Bancorp (CBH) and Morgan Stanley (MWD). (We hold three of these four stocks.) His website is www.bankstocks.com.

Quality Growth Screen

NAIC publishes an annual survey of the 200 most widely held stocks by investment clubs. Screening that list for stocks for a projected 5-year average return of 12% or more and for an upside /downside ratio of 3 or more, yields 34 stocks. We already own 11 of these stocks. Here is the list of stocks passing the screen.

Historical Performance

The following table shows the performance of Moose Pond Investors through December 18, 2004. Total return is the return from the start of the portfolio on October 4, 2000. All returns except YTD are shown on an annualized basis.

 

Since uninvested cash reduces overall return, the table shows both overall performance of the portfolio and, separately, performance of the stocks in the portfolio. Portfolio Record Keeper was used to make these calculations. The table also shows the IRR that would have resulted from making identical investments in Vanguard’s S&P 500 index fund.

Our Top 10 Winners and Losers

Our all time winners have been: LOW (+186%), JCI (+140%), PDCO (+84%), ORLY (+77%) and COF (+72%). Our losers have been: OCA (-61%), CTS (-35%), INTC (-31%), PFE (-28%), and MRK (-16%). Of the losers, we are still holding INTC, PFE and MRK.

Johnson & Johnson (JNJ)

Current SSG and PERT A (11-29-2004) | Google: “Stocks: JNJ” | Company Website

Stock Selection Guide Updated. The SSG for Johnson & Johnson has been revised. JNJ remains a high quality company and is within the “buy” range.
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Amgen Inc.

Stock Selection Guide Updated. The SSG for Amgen has been updated. 5-year EPS was projected using the “preferred procuredure” with the following assumptions: revenue growth of 15%, pretax margin 40.4%, tax rate of 26.5% and outstanding shares of 1,175 million. This results in a projected average return of 13.9% using an averate high PE of 29 and average low PE of 16.5. This puts Amgen in the “buy” range. Both IAS and First Call’s analysts consensus project growth at 20%, so the 15% projected growth used in the SSG is conservative.

For the fifth time, Amgen has been named one of the “100 Best Companies to Work for in America” by Fortune magazine. Also, Amgen ranked fifth in The Scientist’s annual survey of the best workplaces for 2004. Details.  Amgen also has an excellent website for investors.

From December 2004 Investor Advisory Service by IClub: IAS also has Amgen in the “buy” range. “Amgen reported continuing solid results for the third quarter of 2004 with total product sales up 23%. On an adjusted basis, excluding one-time factors relating to the company’s acquisition of Tularik, earnings per share growth was 39%. The company also increased guidance for expected earnings per share for the year from about $2.35-$2.40. The sales guidance was also improved to about $10.4 billion for the year. While the company is dependant on a limited number of products, these have continued to grow and sell well. There are also a number of interesting new possibilities in the process of development. Certainly Amgen is the most successful of the world’s biotech companies. AMGN (59.87) is a buy up to 82.”
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Portfolio “Rack and Stack”

To borrow a military expression, I thought it might be helpful to “rack and stack” our portfolio. We should do this at least quarterly, if not more frequently. It is fairly easy to do with the computer. The attached spreadsheet contains key portfolio management metrics.

Out of our 22 stocks, 14 are still in the “buy” range. We have selected good stocks because a number of these stocks have appreciated in price but are still considered “buys”. Our all time winners are LOW (+205%) and JCI (+143%). The other 7 stocks are slightly out of the buy range but are definite “holds.”

In managing a portfolio, we try to identify stocks that no longer meet our objectives (including future earnings prospects) or have declined in quality. We should replace those stocks. There are other factors to consider as the NAIC web article on when to sell points out, but these two are the primary factors.

We should compare stocks in the portfolio to see whether it is possible to replace a low quality stock with a higher quality stock and/or replace a stock with a relatively low projected return with a stock with a higher projected return. Our current portfolio looks fairly good in terms of quality and projected return. I don’t see any immediate candidates for replacement but we need to continue watch closely and reevaluate each quarter.

We can compare relative value and upside downside ratios to see if any stocks in the portfolio have become overvalued. We don’t appear to have any in the overvalued category now.

We also need to look at sector and industry diversification. (Sectors are made up of related industries.) We are diversified across four sectors. We also are diversified by industry within each of these four sectors. Our size diversification breaks down as follows: 42% in large companies, 45% in medium companies and 5% in small companies. (This doesn’t add up to 100% because we also have a small position in a NASDAQ 100 index fund.) We probably ought to be looking harder for small companies.

A final “rack and stack” consideration is how much each stock represents of the total portfolio value. In our portfolio the average stock is valued at a little more than 4% of the total value of the portfolio. This type of diversification protects our overall portfolio return by limiting the damage any one stock can do to the overall portfolio return. A stock that drops in value by 50% will only reduce total portfolio return by about 2%.

Hope these comments are helpful.

Bank of America

Bank of America (BAC) is the stock to study in the November 2004 edition of Better Investing magazine. Here is the presentation (470 kb) on BAC given to the NAIC DC Chapter on November 9, 2004. Related files include a SSG and PERT (480 kb) and a presentation (480 kb) presented by Bank of America investor relations personnel at the NAIC Better Investing National Conference this week.

Evaluating Management

“Objective tests of managerial ability are few and rather unscientific. … The most convincing proof of capable management lies in a superior comparative record over a period of time….” – Graham and Dodd, Security Analysis

The attached file (933 kb) contains a presentation on Evaluating Company Managment given to the NAIC DC Chapter on October 30, 2004.

Section 2 of the NAIC stock selection guide (SSG) helps to evaluate how management is performing. It shows the key measures of management quality, pre-tax profits margins and return on equity for the past ten years. It also shows the trends for each of these (up, down or constant). The data in Section 2, when compared to the industry peers for a company, provides a good indicator if management effectiveness.

Pretax Profit Margin. Pre-tax profit margin represents how much of each sales dollar a company keeps before taxes. The SSG focuses on pre-tax profit margin rather than net profit margin because tax rates change from time to time. It is easier to compare pre-tax profit margins over a long period of time.

Look for consistency in pretax earnings, e.g., a consistent (flat) or upward trend that is above average for the industry. Be skeptical of above pre-tax profit margins that make a big jump. Consistent pre-tax profit margins might mean that a company has reached peak efficiency or it might mean that management has stopped improving efficiency. Do some additional research. See how the company’s pretax profit margins compare to its competitors.

Pre-tax profit margins can provide an early warning indicator of trouble. A decline in pre-tax profit margins often shows up in the income statement before earnings growth starts to decline. Both NAIC Investor Toolkit and Stock Analyst contain graphs that plot quarterly pre-tax profit margins and trailing twelve month pre-tax profit margins.

Return on Equity (ROE). ROE is a measure of how well a company has used reinvested earnings to generate additional earnings. ROE is a key financial factor in defining the growth potential of the company from internal sources.

ROE can be used to calculate the the “implied” or “sustainable growth rate” of a company. This is the potential earnings growth rate a company can maintain without borrowing. The calculation is simple, Return on Equity x Earnings Retention Rate. It usually better to a an average ROE (such as the 5-year average). The Earnings Retention Rate is how much the retains after taxes (1 – tax rate).